more than is needed, desired, or required; "trying to lose excess weight"; "found some extra change lying on the dresser"; "yet another book on heraldry might be thought redundant"; "skills made redundant by technological advance"; "sleeping in the spare room"; "supernumerary ornamentation"; "it was supererogatory of her to gloat"; "delete superfluous (or unnecessary) words"; "extra ribs as well as other supernumerary internal parts"; "surplus cheese distributed to the needy"必要である、希望される、あるいは必要であるより多いもの過多
例:skills made redundant by technological advance 技術的進歩によって、不必要となった技能
repetition of same sense in different words; "`a true fact' and `a free gift' are pleonastic expressions"; "the phrase `a beginner who has just started' is tautological"; "at the risk of being redundant I return to my original proposition"- J.B.Conant異なった単語における同じ意味の反復類語反復の
例:at the risk of being redundant I return to my original proposition- J.B.Conant 重複するという危険から、私は元々の提案に戻ります。? J.b.コナント